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Aliens

, Are we alone in this Universe?

 
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> Aliens, Are we alone in this Universe?
Mandrake
post Aug 31 2005, 03:19 PM
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Just for an update, Cassini recorded yesterday giant water plumes on Enceladus. Astronomers are baffled again. Extremely tall water geysers are spouting out of the planet's interiors.
Water thrills them. But why this energy activity? Not known yet.

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zashakeel
post Oct 8 2005, 03:32 PM
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QUOTE(Mandrake @ Aug 31 2005, 03:19 PM) *

Just for an update, Cassini recorded yesterday giant water plumes on Enceladus. Astronomers are baffled again. Extremely tall water geysers are spouting out of the planet's interiors.
Water thrills them. But why this energy activity? Not known yet.



Following is an article regarding Aliens mentioned in Koran. Any one interested, may please visit the following site:

http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/7906/




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vivekpm
post Oct 18 2005, 09:55 PM
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QUOTE(Mandrake @ Jul 20 2005, 08:50 AM) *
Vivek, good point.

However, when earth-scientists scour the universe, they are looking for planets that have more or less identical conditions to planet earth as we know of it today. This is because they feel that identical conditions will hopefully produce identical life-forms, meaning, we might find an image of ourselves there.



Trust me to dig out old threads tongue.gif

Mandrake, here is an article to support your statement...

QUOTE

New map provides more evidence Mars once like Earth
NASA NEWS RELEASE
Posted: October 17, 2005

NASA scientists have discovered additional evidence that Mars once underwent plate tectonics, slow movement of the planet's crust, like the present-day Earth. A new map of Mars' magnetic field made by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft reveals a world whose history was shaped by great crustal plates being pulled apart or smashed together.

IPB Image
Artistic illustration of Earth magnetic field and Mars magnetic field. Earth's magnetic field protects the planet from harmful solar and cosmic radiation. Click on image to start animation. Credit: NASA

Scientists first found evidence of plate tectonics on Mars in 1999. Those initial observations, also done with the Mars Global Surveyor's magnetometer, covered only one region in the Southern Hemisphere. The data was taken while the spacecraft performed an aerobraking maneuver, and so came from differing heights above the crust.

This high resolution magnetic field map, the first of its kind, covers the entire surface of Mars. The new map is based on four years of data taken in a constant orbit. Each region on the surface has been sampled many times. "The more measurements we obtain, the more accuracy, and spatial resolution, we achieve," said Dr. Jack Connerney, co-investigator for the Mars Global Surveyor magnetic filed investigation at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.

"This map lends support to and expands on the 1999 results," said Dr. Norman Ness of the Bartol Research Institute at the University of Delaware, Newark. "Where the earlier data showed a "striping" of the magnetic field in one region, the new map finds striping elsewhere. More importantly, the new map shows evidence of features, transform faults, that are a "tell-tale" of plate tectonics on Earth." Each stripe represents a magnetic field pointed in one direction­positive or negative­and the alternating stripes indicate a "flipping" of the direction of the magnetic field from one stripe to another.

Scientists see similar stripes in the crustal magnetic field on Earth. Stripes form whenever two plates are being pushed apart by molten rock coming up from the mantle, such as along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. As the plate spreads and cools, it becomes magnetized in the direction of the Earth's strong global field. Since Earth's global field changes direction a few times every million years, on average, a flow that cools in one period will be magnetized in a different direction than a later flow. As the new crust is pushed out and away from the ridge, stripes of alternating magnetic fields aligned with the ridge axis develop. Transform faults, identified by "shifts" in the magnetic pattern, occur only in association with spreading centers.

To see this characteristic magnetic imprint on Mars indicates that it, too, had regions where new crust came up from the mantle and spread out across the surface. And when you have new crust coming up, you need old crust plunging back down­the exact mechanism for plate tectonics.

Connerney points out that plate tectonics provides a unifying framework to explain several Martian features. First, there is the magnetic pattern itself. Second, the Tharsis volcanoes lie along a straight line. These formations could have formed from the motion of a crustal plate over a fixed "hotspot" in the mantle below, just as the Hawaiian islands on Earth are thought to have formed. Third, the Valles Marineris, a large canyon six times as long as the Grand Canyon and eight times as deep, looks just like a rift formed on Earth by a plate being pulled apart. Even more, it is oriented just as one would expect from plate motions implied by the magnetic map.

"It's certainly not an exhaustive geologic analysis," said Dr. Mario Acuna, principal investigator for the Mars Global Surveyor magnetic filed investigation at Goddard Space Flight Center. "But plate tectonics does give us a consistent explanation of some of the most prominent features on Mars."

Results were published in the Oct. 10 edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.

Other scientists working on the project included Dr. G. Kletetschka of the Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, and Goddard Space Flight Center; Dr. D.L. Mitchell and Dr. R.P. Lin of the University of California at Berkeley; and Dr. H. Reme of the Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements in France. Dr. Acuna leads the international team that built and operates the Mars Global Surveyor magnetometers. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington.


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Mandrake
post Oct 19 2005, 08:52 AM
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Vivek, main is khel ka purana khiladi hoon wink2.gif

Par woh Judge Dread (Shivani) maanti nahi na sad1.gif

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vivekpm
post Jan 7 2006, 03:23 PM
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QUOTE
Skepticism greets claim of possible alien microbes

Jan. 5, 2006
Special to World Science

A paper to appear in a scientific journal claims a strange red rain might have dumped microbes from space onto Earth four years ago.

But the report is meeting with a shower of skepticism from scientists who say extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof—and this one hasn’t got it.

IPB Image The particles at about 1000 times actual size (courtesy Godfrey Louis).

IPB Image The shaded area represents the state of Kerala in India. (Courtesy Nichalp)
The scientists agree on two points, though. The things look like cells, at least superficially. And no one is sure what they are.

“These particles have much similarity with biological cells though they are devoid of DNA,” wrote Godfrey Louis and A. Santhosh Kumar of Mahatma Gandhi University in Kottayam, India, in the controversial paper.

“Are these cell-like particles a kind of alternate life from space?”

The mystery began when the scarlet showers containing the red specks hit parts of India in 2001. Researchers said the particles might be dust or a fungus, but it remained unclear.

The new paper includes a chemical analysis of the particles, a description of their appearance under microscopes and a survey of where they fell. It assesses various explanations for them and concludes that the specks, which vaguely resemble red blood cells, might have come from a meteor.


A peer-reviewed research journal, Astrophysics and Space Science, has agreed to publish the paper. The journal sometimes publishes unconventional findings, but rarely if ever ventures into generally acknowledged fringe science such as claims of extraterrestrial visitors.

If the particles do represent alien life forms, said Louis and Kumar, this would fit with a longstanding theory called panspermia, which holds that life forms could travel around the universe inside comets and meteors.

These rocky objects would thus “act as vehicles for spreading life in the universe,” they added. They posted the paper online this week on a database where astronomers often post research papers.

Louis and Kumar have previously posted other, unpublished papers saying the particles can grow if placed in extreme heat, and reproduce. But the Astrophysics and Space Science paper doesn’t include these claims. It mostly limits itself to arguing for the particles’ meteoric origin, citing newspaper reports that a meteor broke up in the atmosphere hours before the red rain.

John Dyson, managing editor of Astrophysics and Space Science, confirmed it has accepted the paper. But he said he hasn’t read it because his co-managing editor, the European Space Agency’s Willem Wamsteker, handled it. Wamsteker died several weeks ago at age 63.

A paper’s publication in a peer-reviewed journal is generally thought to give it some stamp of scientific seriousness, because scientists vet the findings in the process. Nonetheless, the red rain paper provoked disbelief.

“I really, really don’t think they are from a meteor!” wrote Harvard University biologist Jack Szostak of the particles, in an email. And this isn’t the first report of red rain of biological origin, Szostak wrote, though it seems to be the most detailed.

Szostak said the chemical tests the researchers employed aren’t very sensitive. The so-called cells are admittedly “weird,” he added, saying he would ask his microbiologist friends what they think they are.

“I don’t have an obvious explanation,” agreed prominent origins-of-life researcher David Deamer of the University of California Santa Cruz, in an email. They “look like real cells, but with a very thick cell wall. But the leap to an extraterrestrial form of life delivered to Earth must surely be the least likely hypothesis.”

A range of additional tests is needed, he added. Louis agreed: “There remains much to be studied,” he wrote in an email.

The researchers didn’t dispute the panspermia theory itself, which has a substantial scientific following. “Panspermia may well be possible,” wrote Lynn J. Rothschild of the NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif., in an email. “I’m just not so sure that this is a case of it.”

Others viewed the study more favorably.

“I think more careful examination of the red rain material is needed, but so far there seems to be a strong prima facie [first-glance] case to suggest that this may be correct,” said Chandra Wickramasinghe, director of the Cardiff Centre for Astrobiology at Cardiff University, U.K., and a leading advocate of panspermia.

The story of the specks began on July 25, 2001, when residents of Kerala, a state in southwestern India, started seeing scarlet rain in some areas.

“Almost the entire state, except for two northern districts, have reported these unusual rains over the past week,” the BBC online reported on July 30. “Experts said the most likely reason was the presence of dust in the atmosphere which colours the water.”

The explanation didn’t satisfy everyone.


The rain “is eluding explanations as the days go by,” the newspaper Indian Express reported online a week later. The article said the Centre for Earth Science Studies, based in Thiruvananthapuram, India, had discarded an initial hypothesis that a streaking meteor triggered the rain, in favor of the view that the particles were spores from a fungus.

But “the exact species is yet to be identified. [And] how such a large quantity of spores could appear over a small region is as yet unknown,” the paper quoted center director M. Baba as saying. Baba didn’t return an email from World Science this week.

The red rain continued to appear sporadically for about two months, though most of it fell in the first 10 days, Louis and Kumar wrote. The “striking red colouration” turned out to come from microscopic, mixed-in red particles, they added, which had “no similarity with usual desert dust.”

At least 50,000 kg (55 tons) of the particles have fallen in all, they estimated. “An analysis of this strange phenomenon further shows that the conventional atmospheric transport processes like dust storms etc. cannot explain” it.

“The red particles were uniformly dispersed in the rainwater,” they wrote. “When the red rainwater was collected and kept for several hours in a vessel, the suspended particles have a tendency to settle to the bottom.”

“The red rain occurred in many places during a continuing normal rain,” the paper continued. “It was reported from a few places that people on the streets found their cloths stained by red raindrops. In a few places the concentration of particles were so great that the rainwater appeared almost like blood.”

The precipitation, the researchers added, had a “highly localized appearance. It usually occur[ed] over an area of less than a square kilometer to a few square kilometers. Many times it had a sharp boundary, which means while it was raining strongly red at a place a few meters away there were no red rain.” A typical red rain lasted from a few minutes to less than about 20 minutes, they added.

The scientists compiled charts of where and when the showers occurred based on local newspaper reports.

The particles look like one-celled organisms and are about 4 to 10 thousandths of a millimeter wide, the researchers wrote, somewhat larger than typical bacteria.

“Under low magnification the particles look like smooth, red coloured glass beads. Under high magnifications (1000x) their differences in size and shape can be seen,” they wrote.


“Shapes vary from spherical to ellipsoid and slightly elongated… These cell-like particles have a thick and coloured cell envelope, which can be well identified under the microscope.” A few had broken cell envelopes, they added.

The particles seem to lack a nucleus, the core DNA-containing compartment that animal and plant cells have, the researchers wrote. Chemical tests indicated they also lacked DNA, the gene-carrying molecule that most types of cells contain.

Nonetheless, Louis and Kumar wrote that the particles show “fine-structured membranes” under magnification, like normal cells.


The outer envelope seems to contain an “inner capsule,” they added, which in some places “appears to be detached from the outer wall to form an empty region inside the cell. Further, there appears to be a faintly visible mucus layer present on the outer side of the cell.”

“One characteristic feature is the inward depression of the spherical surface to form cup like structures giving a squeezed appearance,” which varies among particles, they added.

“The major constituents of the red particles are carbon and oxygen,” they wrote. Carbon is the key component of life on Earth. “Silicon is most prominent among the minor constituents” of the particles, Louis and Kumar added; other elements found were iron, sodium, aluminum and chlorine.

“The red rain started in the State during a period of normal rain, which indicate that the red particles are not something which accumulated in the atmosphere during a dry period and washed down on a first rain,” the pair wrote.

“Vessels kept in open space also collected red rain. Thus it is not something that is washed out from rooftops or tree leaves. Considering the huge quantity of red particles fallen over a wide geographic area, it is impossible to imagine that these are some pollen or fungal spores which have originated from trees,” they added.

“The nature of the red particles rules out the possibility that these are dust particles from a distant desert source,” they wrote, and such particles “are not found in Kerala or nearby place.”

One easy assumption is that they “got airlifted from a distant source on Earth by some wind system,” they added, but this leaves several puzzles.


“One characteristic of each red rain case is its highly localized appearance. If particles originate from distant desert source then why [was] there were no mixing and thinning out of the particle collection during transport”? they wrote.

“It is possible to explain this by assuming the meteoric origin of the red particles. The red rain phenomenon first started in Kerala after a meteor airburst event, which occurred on 25th July 2001 near Changanacherry in [the] Kottayam district. This meteor airburst is evidenced by the sonic boom experienced by several people during early morning of that day.

“The first case of red rain occurred in this area few hours after the airburst... This points to a possible link between the meteor and red rain. If particle clouds are created in the atmosphere by the fragmentation and disintegration of a special kind of fragile cometary meteor that presumably contain[s] a dense collection of red particles, then clouds of such particles can mix with the rain clouds to cause red rain,” they wrote.

The pair proposed that while approaching Earth at low angle, the meteor traveled southeast above Kerala with a final airburst above the Kottayam district. “During its travel in the atmosphere it must have released several small fragments, which caused the deposition of cell clusters in the atmosphere.”

Alive or dead, the particles have some staying power, if the paper is correct. “Even after storage in the original rainwater at room temperature without any preservative for about four years, no decay or discolouration of the particles could be found.”


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vivekpm
post Mar 19 2006, 12:49 AM
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QUOTE

Earth rocks could have taken life to Titan
  • 18:08 17 March 2006
  • NewScientist.com news service
  • Maggie McKee, Houston

Boulders blasted away from the Earth's surface after a major impact could have travelled all the way to the outer solar system, new calculations reveal. The work suggests that terrestrial microbes on the rocks could in theory have landed on Saturn's giant moon, Titan. But whether they could have survived once there remains unclear.

The fact that meteorites from the Moon and Mars have landed on Earth confirms that impacts on solar system bodies can launch rocky debris to other planets. And previous studies have suggested that any life on the rocks could have survived the launch blast and the radiation and chill of the journey through space, assuming it lasted less than a few million years.

Such hardiness raises the possibility that life on Earth itself was seeded from space – a concept called panspermia. But now, researchers led by Brett Gladman of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, have analysed the reverse situation – that life on Earth seeded other bodies in the solar system. Gladman presented the results on Thursday at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston, Texas, US.

He says only boulders at least 3 metres across could punch out through the Earth's atmosphere and escape the planet's gravity, and that only extremely powerful impacts could achieve this. The cause of such impacts would be comets or asteroids between 10 and 50 kilometres wide, Gladman told New Scientist: "The kind of thing that killed the dinosaurs."


Brick wall
The team ran computer models of such giant impacts, estimating that each would send about 600 million boulders into space to orbit the Sun. Some of those launched at relatively high speeds – faster than 6 kilometres per second – got as far as Jupiter and Saturn in about a million years.

In the simulations, about 100 of the boulders from each impact reached Jupiter's moon Europa. But along the way, Jupiter's gravity boosted their speed to an average of 25 km/s, with some moving as fast as 40 km/s. Impacting Europa's icy crust at such speeds would be like "hitting a brick wall," says Gladman. "This must be rather frustrating if you're a bacterium that survived launch from Earth."

But he found a different situation on Saturn's moon Titan, which boasts a thick atmosphere. About 30 boulders from each Earth impact reached Titan, and they slammed into the atmosphere at just 11 km/s – slower than most meteors hit Earth's atmosphere. "Those reaching Titan can aerobrake and drop their fragments onto the surface," says Gladman.


Home from home?
"That kind of entry should be no problem" for life to survive, says Allan Treiman of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, who notes that researchers recently found bacteria that appear to have survived the break up of the shuttle Columbia when it re-entered Earth's atmosphere in 2003. And Earthly lichen has also survived when exposed to the harsh environment of space.

"I thought the Titan result was really surprising – how many would get there and how slowly they'd land," Treiman told New Scientist. "The thing I don't know about is if there are any bugs on Earth that would be happy living on Titan." Titan's surface temperature is a very cold -179C and its chemistry is very different from Earth's.

Gladman agrees that life may be unlikely to survive once on Titan. But he says major impacts may have happened "tens of times" throughout Earth's history and that these could have sent Earth rocks to other solar system bodies. "I just set out to answer this question: is it possible to get something there?" he says. "The answer is yes."



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Any comments specifically on the underlined statement above?

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shivani
post Mar 19 2006, 12:54 AM
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QUOTE
Such hardiness raises the possibility that life on Earth itself was seeded from space


This is a theroy much talked about... but there is no evidence to support it. Or maybe none I have come across so far.

BTW did You watch the program they earlier program (sometime in Jan) when the shuttle reached Titan ? Its a really amazing star smile1.gif.
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vivekpm
post Mar 19 2006, 01:06 AM
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QUOTE(shivani @ Mar 19 2006, 12:54 AM) *
QUOTE
Such hardiness raises the possibility that life on Earth itself was seeded from space


This is a theroy much talked about... but there is no evidence to support it. Or maybe none I have come across so far.

BTW did You watch the program they earlier program (sometime in Jan) when the shuttle reached Titan ? Its a really amazing star smile1.gif .


Yeah there is no acknowledged evidence yet to support this theory but then there are so many things which are just in theory...

I didn't saw the program you mentioned sad1.gif. Couple of weeks back, Nat-Geo was showing a documentary which analyzed all the possible candidates where life can be found/survive (Mars, Europa, Titan etc...)

On related note, I think you must have come across mars.google.com and moon.google.com.

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shivani
post Mar 19 2006, 01:17 AM
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Ah!

There was a show they did on Titan, and how the satellites sent there started transmittign the data back. I think the name was Cassini. They showed the surface of Titan, and what is it made of.
It has surface and atmosphere quite similar to earth's when life formed here.
It has volcanic eruptions as well.. only of nitrogen.. which was quite fascinating.
Would try to find the link onlien and paste.. amazing watch.
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vivekpm
post Mar 19 2006, 01:36 AM
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Yeah, Cassini it was (the satellite sent to study Saturn's moons). The pictures sent by satellite led to speculations that one of the other moon of Saturn may have water in liquid form under its icy crust...

Do post the link if you get it...

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shivani
post Mar 19 2006, 01:41 AM
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oh no.. it is not water.. it is nitrogen Oxide : ). I watched the show on tv, about 4 months ago.. so do not remember a lot else..

Would try to search.
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vivekpm
post Mar 19 2006, 01:57 AM
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Ohk... I must have mixed up then. Remember vaguely about some liquid water geyser-like thing suspected on one of these bodies. Will check up the newsletter again...

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post Mar 19 2006, 02:00 AM
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QUOTE(Mandrake @ Aug 31 2005, 03:19 PM) *
Just for an update, Cassini recorded yesterday giant water plumes on Enceladus. Astronomers are baffled again. Extremely tall water geysers are spouting out of the planet's interiors.
Water thrills them. But why this energy activity? Not known yet.


Shivani, I think I was referring to an article based on this. Mixed up between two moons of Saturn (Titan and Enceladus)

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Mandrake
post Mar 19 2006, 07:26 AM
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Nice going fellas. Keep it up thumbs-up.gif

Btw, Cassini was the bloke who stared at saturn so much that the rings parted. And the gap between them came to be known as the Cassini Division...

And yes, Titan has so much of crude oil, that if we could lay a pipeline from there to earth, petrol in India would cost 1 rupee/litre wink2.gif

Also, just a humble thought for logical people like you two: it would be nice if one doesn't always look for hardcore evidence first up. Often, to believe in a possibility, and then trying to follow up and see whether that might work, leads one to hitherto unseen things....

Just my way of looking at things... rolleyes.gif

Self - belief is the most potent force.
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shivani
post Mar 19 2006, 10:40 AM
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Par woh Judge Dread (Shivani) maanti nahi na

.. so am judge dread!!!
I really really missed it till today.
and ye lo fight.gif look.gif
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